Ernst von Romberg, a German physician, first described pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in 1891. While conducting an autopsy, he noticed a thickening of the pulmonary artery, but there was no evidence of heart or lung disease that might have caused the condition. The term primary pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension was coined decades later, in the 1950s by David Drysdale. PAH is a rare subtype of pulmonary hypertension. The primary character of PAH is the constriction of the pulmonary arteries. It causes blood circulation inefficient and makes the lungs and heart work harder. Pulmonary arterial hypertension symptoms largely include shortness of breath, fatigue, tiredness, dizziness, fainting, cyanosis, swelling in legs, ankles, and feet, heart palpitations, chest pain, and arrhythmia. Some risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension are mentioned below: 1. Family history About 20% of patients with PAH have a close relative who suffers from the disease. Research has linked PAH to mutation of the BMPR2 gene. This gene regulates the number of cells in tissues, and mutations can cause irregular development of the pulmonary arteries. In most cases, they branch out and decrease in width. Smaller blood vessels raise blood pressure, leading to PAH. 2. Other heart and lung diseases Dysfunction of the heart valves causes heart valve disorders, and congenital heart diseases are congenital disabilities.

Melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of skin cancer that affects at least 1 in 7 people over 70 in the country. The Skin Cancer Foundation estimates that melanoma kills at least two people every hour. However, not all the facts about this disease are disheartening. The Skin Cancer Foundation believes that, when detected early, melanoma patients have a very 5-year high survival rate (as high as 99%). What is melanoma? Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that forms in the melanocytes, which are the pigment-forming skin cells. How can you detect it? The most distinctive indication of this type of cancer is a change in the appearance of the skin. However, sometimes, the signs and symptoms of melanoma can also develop in areas of the body that are not visible via the naked eye, like the brain, the inside of the eyes, the digestive tract, or the urinary tract. What causes melanoma? While the exact cause of melanoma is not clear, certain risk factors increase an individual’s chances of being affected by this cancer. They include: The presence of a large number of moles, especially dysplastic ones. Being fair-skinned, having light hair or blue or green colored eyes.

Prostate cancer does not show any symptoms in the early stages. Prostate cancer starts in the outer part of the prostate and does not disturb any other organ or function of the body. It is only when the prostate grows near the urethra and starts compressing it, men begin to notice changes and experience difficulty during urination. Here are four common signs and symptoms of prostate cancer. 1. Difficulty in urinating One of the first symptoms of prostate cancer is difficulty in urinating and the inability to empty the bladder. Urine does not flow with its normal force, and there could be a dribble post urination. Leaking is another symptom, causing an inability to control the urge to urinate. Another early warning sign and symptom of prostate cancer is the constant need to urinate frequently at night, which results in disturbed sleep, fatigue, and restlessness the following day. 2. Blood in urine If prostate cancer spreads to other parts of the body, one will experience severe symptoms, such as bloody urine or semen. One could feel frequent pain in the back, hips, and pelvis. Erectile dysfunction, too, is a symptom of advanced prostate cancer. During intercourse, you will not be able to get or sustain an erection.

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that initially manifests as noncancerous polyps in the large intestine. Polyps are cell clumps that can turn cancerous in some cases. Colon cancer is usually studied along with rectal cancer due to the proximity of the organs and the common features of the diseases. Colorectal cancer accounts for the third-highest number of cancer cases among people in the country. Causes of colon cancer While the cause of colorectal cancer is yet unknown, research has found quite a few genetic risk factors: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) People with FAP develop hundreds of polyps in their colon, and the number of polyps increases with age. On average, cancer develops around the age of 39. In the case of attenuated FAP, polyps develop later in life, and cancer develops around 55. Mutations in the APC gene cause both types of FAP. Lynch syndrome This is an inherited condition that increases the risk of colon, endometrial, and several other cancers. Three percent of all colon cancer cases result from Lynch syndrome. A mutation in a dominant gene causes this syndrome, so one has a 50% chance of developing it if a parent has it. MYH-associated polyposis MYH-associated polyposis causes polyps in the colon and rectum and is a milder form of FAP.

Migraines are severely debilitating headaches that can last for a few hours or a couple of days. Chronic migraines can last for about 72 hours. Apart from a severe headache, it can also cause amplified sensations, dizziness, and pain in the body. Migraine could be genetic; sometimes, there could be multiple genes that are causing it. Apart from the predisposition, migraines occur due to virus infection, poor sleep, diet, and dehydration. Doctors can now clearly identify that the disruption in the nerve activity within the brain triggers a migraine. The main reason to know the triggers is to avoid them and prevent an impending attack. 1. Irregular diet Energy comes from the food we eat. A regular and balanced diet and adequate water are required for all the organs to function normally. There are various reasons that can cause migraines, like unable to eat on time or maintain a routine. Irregular and inadequate food can lead to low sugar levels and activate headaches. 2. Food There are some specific foods that could trigger migraines. It is not a blanket rule, as it could be a trigger for some and be safe for others. Note down the food that you eat regularly and eliminate it from your diet.